Tuesday, January 21, 2020
The Speakers Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh Essay
The Speaker's Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh The speakers in "Farewell, False Love," by Sir Walter Raleigh and "My Lute, Awake!" by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder have similar motivations, although the poems have differing constructs. Each speaker seeks to unleash his venomous emotions at a woman who has scorned him, by humiliating her through complicated revenge fantasies and savage metaphors. Through this invective, he hopes to convince us of this woman's inward ugliness. Raleigh catalogues a long list of conceits for his false love: she is every horrid thing from a "siren song" to "an idle boy that sleeps in pleasure's lap". The overtone of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's "Alas! So All Things Now Do Hold Their Peace!" bears more similarity to that of a soliloquy of lamentation than a libellous study. The speaker seems more preoccupied with his own woe than with shaming his absent love before us, his audience, of whom he seems only peripherally aware. He does not berate the object of his affections for not requiting his love, only regrets that she cannot be with him, drawing a contrast between his heavy inward emotional swings and the peaceful night which outwardly surrounds him. Several centuries after these poets lived, John Stuart Mill would write an essay called "What is Poetry?" that codified a distinction between what he called "poetry" and "eloquence". He writes: . . . when he [the poet] turns round, and addresses himself to another person; when the act of utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an end -- viz., by the feelings he himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or upon the belief or the will of another; when the expression of his emotions, or of his thoughts tinged ... ...women whom supposedly seduced them in their youthful naivete. The narrator of "My Lute, Awake!" takes a distinct pleasure in conjuring up a future where his lover, not he, lies "Plaining in vain unto the moon." Raleigh's vehement yet affected language are entirely out of keeping with the innocent-schoolboy image of himself he would have us believe. Surrey's speaker does not need to protest that he was beguiled, nor make any excuse for his misplaced emotion, because he is not aware of our listening, and therefore can feel no embarrassment at our knowing he was rejected. These three poems, then, are written in the voice of the spurned lover. In two of them, this lover is cognizant of our presence and seeks to impress us with his impassivity; but in the third, he pours out his sorrow and minds not whether we think the less of him for his poor choice of women. Â
Monday, January 13, 2020
Psychology and Language: Research Proposal Essay
The relationship between psychology and language is a moot point among some scholars. However, when the two disciplines are taken into account in terms of their contrast and comparison, it merges jarringly clear that a relation exists between them. The two are either inextricably bound, or one of the discipline is overly dependent on the on the other. This study is aimed at unveiling the relations that exist between the two. And for this to be realized, the opinion of various targeted respondents will have to be solicited through interviews. Besides, scholarly opinion will also be collected and collated from publications, both recent and past. Their review will therefore assist to come up with a condensed conclusion about the study. In essence, this research will bring to the connection between the two disciplines, how one influences the development of another. Literature Review The relationship between language and psychology can hardly be gainsaid. Various scholars have delved into this discourse, offering their varied opinion supported by their informed arguments.            According to some theories, language do exists as a system of signs, the meaning and implications of which are entirely dependent on their relation to other signs of the system, and of the structure of linguistic expressions in which they occur. Other theories have it that language is a system of syntactic forms which come ready made in the mind of the speaker from birth, and which gives speakers the competence to generate and understand infinitely many different propositions. And this is independent of the experience and knowledge that speakers have of that which they speak or of the context in which the propositions are generated and understood. (Paetorius, 98)            The study of languages, otherwise termed as linguistics can sometimes be a technical discipline with a reality and a vocabulary of its own. This best explains why psychologists have often waited for linguists to offer them education on the meaning of language. This meaning helps the psychologists in the quest to further study its comprehension, processing and acquisition. (Tomasello, 1)            In The Grammar of Autobiography, Quigley aptly relates the two disciplines by arguing that psychology operates in an unstable, developing world that is open to change as a consequence of our communicative activity, rather than in the independent knowable reality of cognitive psychology. He adds that linking psychology with our social world is hardly a new phenomenon. Instead, proposing language as the mediator between the two is novel. (6) Currently, language isn’t only representative but also formative. It does functions to construct situations as they are, instead of just to reporting them. He argues that our thoughts aren’t just the source of our talk; they are constituted and/or formulated in our talk. Since psychology is the science of the mind, then the objects of psychology is not individuals but what goes on in the space between them. While studying the relation between words and world, it is not cognition but language that gives us the world. (6) In Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use, another scholar, Holtgraves, point out that language use is interpersonal in many ways. For one, it is a rich source of identity- relevant information. This is because many aspects of language use, for instance accent, speech rate and politeness level, provide crucial information that can be used by others in forming impressions of people. (6) Besides, many of these variables can be changed strategically as means of managing the impressions that people convey to others. Holtgraves therefore concludes that the use of language plays a significant role in both person perceptions; how people perceive one another and impression management: how people vary their talks strategically to achieve particular effects. (6) From the above discourse we can infer that the correlation between psychology and language is best demonstrated by the fact that words, which are the predominant tools of human communication bear meaning which are not independent from the though process of individuals. Michael Forrester argues in Psychology of Language: A Critical Introduction, that there has always existed a link between psychology and philosophy which has been close and occasionally complementary. And this is particularly the case within psychology of language, especially when the question of meaning arises. Therefore it is hard, even impossible to discuss to discuss language as such without looking into the nature of meaning. This makes it difficult o consider key topics in language for instance, communication, language acquisition and comprehension, without the understanding of what is at issue when people use the word ‘meaning’. (56) Forrester adds that the use of a word or a phrase in appropriate way makes one immediately accountable for whatever they say. As a result, we assume that people mean what they say and also intend others will understand the acceptable meaning of the utterance and act accordingly. Therefore, language without meaning is not language at all. This overview study of meaning, otherwise termed as semantics, makes it clear that although there are particular gains in adopting approaches where appropriate, any consideration of what language user mean when they make an utterance in context imputes us to go beyond truth-conditional semantics. In sum, the contemporary study of semantics can hardly be taken without due consideration of the function of language. (56) One universal design feature of language is that their meaning bearing form is that they are divided into two different subsystems: the open class otherwise known as the lexical and the closed class otherwise refereed to as the grammatical. The difference between the two is that open classes do have many members and can easily add many more. These include nouns, verbs and adjectives. On the other hand, closed classes have relatively few members and are hard difficult to augment. They consist of such bound forms as inflections as found in verbs and such free forms as prepositions, conjunction and determinants. The meaning that open-class forms do express are virtually unrestricted, whereas those of closed-class forms are highly constrained both as the conceptual category they can refer to and as to the particular member notions within any such category. (Tomassello, 15) In essence language has a more profound implication s fro our social existence. It plays a role in virtually every aspect of our dealings with others. Therefore understanding what we are doing when we use language can help us to understand what it means to be a social being. (Holtgrave, 8)            Possibilities have been explored for studying language at its functional roots as well as its structural realization. This is in the sense that human speech may be formed by general adaptive semantics at the limbic core of the brain as it is then articulated within specific sensory and motor routines of the neocortical shell. (Givon and Malle, 71) This argument can be made on anatomical grounds, interpreting function through the density of connections. It can also be made on psychological grounds, interpreting the excitability of limbic-cortical connections as reflective of the process of memory consolidation. (Givon and Malle, 71)                                               Research Hypothesis The conduction of this research will involve both the independent and dependent variables. The independent variables in this study are language as a tool that facilitates communication and psychology as the science of the mind. On the other hand the dependent variables are language speakers, communication and psychologists.            The independent variable in this study are related to the dependent variable in that, it is from the language speakers that the in-depth meaning of words is unveiled, further revealing the underlying intentions behind the spoken words. This relations goes ahead to shed additional light on how the mind is the source of words. Therefore, the spoken word does betray the intention of the mind. The other independent variable, in this case the psychologists, through their informed opinions help to shape the realism and surrealism of the link between psychology and language. Research Methods Research Design The relevant data that will facilitate the comprehensive conclusion of this study will be gathered by the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. In essence, both primary and secondary data will be whereas probability and non-probability methods of sampling will be employed in selecting the representative sample of the population.            Target Population. The study will be conducted nation-wide amongst language students (those learning a new language), language teachers, linguists and psychologists. The targeted respondents will fall within the age bracket of 16 and 60 years of age.                    Data Collection Instruments For constructive findings to be reached, this study will warrant that various instruments of data collection be employed. For one, quantitative data will be collected by the use of structured interviews: questionnaires will be served to the targeted populations, with questions bearing some slight differences according to the specific ages or occupation of the respondents. Other quantitative data will be gathered by the use of service statistics, which will compare the results of a particular previous relevant studies conducted nationwide. Secondary data sources from books, magazines, journals and legal documents will also offer quantitative data. On the other hand, qualitative data will be gathered through unstructured interviews, whereby experts in law and sociology will be interviewed. Qualitative data will also be gathered from focus group discussions, direct observation in the court proceedings and juvenile jail routine, and content analysis of published material.       Expected Results This study will likely reach the following results: It is anticipated that most respondents will concur with the fact that there is a relation between language and psychology; this response is likely to come from linguists, language scholars and psychologists, who through in-depth study have come into access of this relation. The relationship between language and psychology can easily escape the knowledge of many. This is expected to be the confession of many language speakers who have never had the opportunity through study to both consider how the two disciplines differ and compare. They of course will confess their ignorance about the subtle technical similarities and difference between the two disciplines. However, given a chance to muse over it, the above respondents will readily agree that there is a relation between the two disciplines. This will come easily since they can visualize the link between their thoughts and words. The literature from which the secondary data in this study will be gathered will likely demonstrate views of the correlation between the two disciplines. Some scholars will definitely beg to differ with this argument, though they are not going to outnumber those who support the argument that indeed a relationship exists between the two. Reference Michael Tomassello, The New Psychology of Language: Cognitive and Functional Approaches  to Languages Structure, 1. Nini Praetorius, (2003) Principles of Cognition, Language and Action, 98.  Thomas M. Holtgraves (200) Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use,  6, 8. Givon and Bertram F. Malle (2002) The Evolution of Language out of Pre-Language, 71. Jean Quigley, The Grammar of Autobiography, 6. Michael A. Forrester, (1996) Psychology of Language: A Critical Introduction, 56. Â
Sunday, January 5, 2020
World Wars And The Great Depression - 1262 Words
I’m amazed at how many Americans don’t know their own family heritage any further back than their grandparents. For many years, I was one of them. I would casually tell people, â€Å"My family never really talked much about our family tree, because we were afraid we’d find horse thieves hanging from the branches.†But, bad or good, I always wondered about my roots. I’m not alone. Millions of Americans have the same questions. So, what happened? Were so many of our families separated in the westward expansion that we lost our connections to the past? Were families in such crisis during the World Wars or the Great Depression that mere survival was their only focus? Was there a generation that just wanted to forget the past? Was it the â€Å"live for today†mentality of the ‘60s that deemed it â€Å"old fashioned†to have any roots or history? It was probably a combination of many factors, but the affect of the loss of our personal histories has been far-reaching. Without fail, when someone discovers the stories in their own family tree, they become empowered and inspired. I know this from personal experience, because eight years ago, someone helped me discover my lost family legacies, and it changed me forever. I found stories of great sacrifice, courage, conviction, service, struggle, conflict, diversity and triumph. Some of my ancestors lived in a cave for the first few years and purchased land rights from the Native Americans who helped them plant new crops and buildShow MoreRelatedWorld Wars And The Great Depression Essay1608 Words  | 7 Pagescontrolled by the oligarchy for the sake of â€Å"national security†or economic and social cooperation. Although this had been a theme throughout hundreds of dystopian novels, such overarching influence is lamentably applied in societies throughout the world. 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World War II had positive and negative effects during and after the war. After the war, the formation of the Uni ted Nations helped negotiate and maintain peace, and during the war more jobs helped get the United States out of its biggest economic crisis, the Great Depression. Although, some economists argue that by creating more jobs during World War II, put America into even more debt than the country was alreadyRead MoreWorld War II : The Great Depression1543 Words  | 7 PagesDanielle Gentry Gary Damon American History II 10:00 MWF 25 April 2016 World War II Two decades after the first World War happen another world war occurred known as World War II. There were many causes that led up to this war. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but Germany had to accept the responsibility of the war. Therefore, Germany economy went downhill and people were starving because of war debt. 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In the 1930s, American leadership, and most importantly, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, came to view economic decline, political radicalization, and instability as forming a vicious cycle that led to utter chaos and war. Although FDR did not knowRead MoreWorld War I And The Great Depression1598 Words  | 7 PagesBefore World War I, the United States was in a period of isolationism, and a determination to stay out of European wars and affairs, while trying to maintain its status as one of the world’s biggest superpowers, militarily and economically (â€Å"United States Before†). America was just exiting the Gilded Age, which was an important time of growth and prosperity. Despite this, the American economy was in a small recession when entering the war, which was reversed by a 44 month period of growth causedRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1507 Words  | 7 PagesFaced with the Great Depression and World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt, nicknamed â€Å"FDR,†guided America through its greatest domestic crisis, with the exception of the Civil War, and its greatest foreign crisis. His presidencyâ€â€which spanned twelve yearsâ€â€was unparalleled, not only in length but in scope. FDR took office with the country mired in a horrible and debilitating economic depression that not only sapped its material wealth and spiritual strength, but cast a pall over its future. RooseveltRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The World War I1261 Words  | 6 Pagesmass effect what happens; death, trench warfare, suffering of countries, of world war 1, the countries have began another war, WWII. I know this is a shock to you, but another war has begun. So let us sit down, I will let you take a breath, and when you are ready to begin, I will show you what the spark of WW11. There is a new leader instilled in Germany! WWII was caused by the invasion of Poland, and France declaring war on Germany, Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism, appeasement,Read MoreThe Great Depression And World War II955 Words  | 4 PagesIn America, the period between the Great Depression and World War II was rife with uncertainty. The struggles of the Great Depression were over, but their lasting effects shed doubt on America’s future. Persephone, was an attempt by Thomas Hart Benton in 1939 to cement regionalism as the official American art style during this era. However, despite his attempt to promote hope in America’s future, while still acknowledging the despair of the Great Depression, Persephone was regarded as obscene. Regionalism
Saturday, December 28, 2019
To Help or Not to Help †That is the Question
To Help or Not to Help That is the Question From the very beginning of our world’s existence there have always been class distinctions. Some people were rich and others were trying to make both ends meet. There has also existed one significant question – should wealthy nations share their reserves with the countries that are poorer? Is it important to provide them with food and other things required for life? Or is it the responsibility of the poor country government to take care of its citizens? In my opinion, wealthy countries should help the ones which are poorer. But at the same time, the government of this or that poor country has to do its best in order to make the life conditions of its country better. To ask wealthier countries for help is normal, but to sit and wait for assistance isn’t the problem’s solution. To my mind, wealthier countries could care about the developing nations by providing them with education, food, money, high quality health care, technologies and knowledge in order to make their lives easier and better. Food, medical care, clothes and money are of the foremost value. The thing is that they can be transported to the poor nations very quickly and, what is more, they will ease the starvation of the people and cure their diseases, which should be done as soon as possible. Technologies, education, medical care and knowledge should be provided for the poorer nations. For example, sharing Meteorological knowledge or Agriculture technologies would help poor nations greatly and improve the food production process as well as provide all citizens with enough food. Building good educational establishments will help poor countries to have better life quality, social communications and economics. The governments of the poor countries should do their best in order to encourage the development of their own countries. The money they receive for the needs of the citizens must be spent to satisfy basic necessities of the population. While helping the others, wealthy nations’ governments should remember that the good will always return, as it is said in old wise proverb â€Å"Treat the other people the way you want to be treated†.
Friday, December 20, 2019
Torts; CyberTorts; Strict Liability; Products Liability; Consumer
Essays on Torts; CyberTorts; Strict Liability; Products Liability; Consumer Protection Essay TORTS Cyber Torts, Strict Liability, Products Liability, Consumer Protection Introduction The business world is governed largely by 2 types of law, contract law and tort law. Contract law pertains to the specific terms and conditions involved in the supply of a particular product or service. On the other hand, tort law governs all business practices (Cornell 2011) It is based on unwritten common law, although it can be reinforced by statutes passed by the legislature. Aside from these statutes, court decisions are based on precedent, that is, previous cases involving similar facts. Torts are wrongs committed against individuals and groups and can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional torts are wrongs done deliberately and therefore criminal and dealt with by criminal law and are uninsurable. On the other hand, unintentional torts are those committed inadvertently often due to negligence or carelessness and are therefore usually insurable. Examples of torts are cyber, strict li ability, and product liability, for which consumer protection is required. Cyber Torts Cyber Torts are simply wrongs committed over the internet which cause some kind of harm to the internet user. (Talbot 2010) Examples include identity theft, illegal piracy of electronic property, arranging meetings for criminal transactions, false impersonation to obtain information and sending out vast amounts of e-mails containing harmful data or spam. As it is often difficult to determine who is responsible protective software is being developed. The most common cyber tort is identity theft followed by home shopping catalog sales. Other examples are trespass to chattels, conversion, cyber stalking/harassment and defamation. An example of the latter is a case where a female teenager befriended a male counterpart on My Space who made nasty comments about her resulting in her suicide. In defamation the negative comments must be false as truth is an absolute defense. They must involve the unprivile ged publication of a statement to third parties (internet users) by at least the negligent acts of the publisher and cause perceivable damage to a perspective plaintiff. They are considered especially dangerous because of the global reach of the internet and the potential for source anonymity. Conversion is the unlawful application of the personal goods of another by the taker or a third party other than the owner and/or destroying or altering its’ nature. The required elements for a lawsuit are ownership or right of possession by the plaintiff, the defendants’ conversion by a wrongful act and causing harm to the plaintiff. Similarly, trespass to chattels requires meddling with a chattel in possession of another resulting in a) dispossession of the chattel, b) deprivation of the use of the chattel, c) impairment of the condition of the chattel and d) harm to the legal possessor of the chattel. Strict Liability Strict liability differs from ordinary liability in that a plaintiff does not have to prove the defendants’ negligence caused them harm, only that they sustained damage or injury resulting from an appropriate use of the defendants’ product or service.(Cornell 2011) For example, an employer may be held liable for the torts of an employee, unless the employer can demonstrate that the employee performed contrary to the employers’ instructions. In a products liability case where strict liability has been imposed by legislation because the product is inherently dangerous, purchasers of the product and injured others only have to prove the item was defective, that the defect caused the injury and the defect rendered the product inherently dangerous, even if the defendant exercised utmost care and was not negligent. The only defenses in such cases would be if the defendant could prove the plaintiff misused and/or tampered with the product causing it to become dangerous. In cases of harm caused by animals, strict liability is n ot usually imposed on owners unless by legislation or it can be shown the owner knew of the animals’ propensity to cause harm or it is considered a wild animal or did not take appropriate steps to restrain them. Another situation that could attract liability is the operation of an explosives factory in an urban area. Products Liability Products liability law is derived mainly from tort law although it can be codified by statute. (Cornell 2011)For example, regardless of any warranties supplied by the manufacturer products must be reasonably fit for the purpose intended and free from defects which could cause harm to the consumer and others. Assuming defects are caused by unintentional torts, they are generally insurable. Strict liability is usually applicable because it is often difficult for a consumer to determine whether the cause of the loss is a design, manufacturing or marketing defect, that is failure provide the consumer with accurate and complete instructions. Therefo re all parties involved in the manufacture and sale of the product are jointly and severally responsible for damage and injury caused although insurance companies under a liability policy are required to pay only for resulting damage and injuries, not replacing the defective product itself. While strict liability may apply, there are defenses available. For example, if it can be shown that the consumer caused the damage themselves by dropping,, abusing or otherwise misusing the product, all defendants could escape liability, If a retailer can show that the product was received and sold in a sealed container they avoid liability. Generally, if any party can show that it would have been impossible for them to have contributed to the loss in any way, they can escape liability but the onus is on them to prove that. Consumer Protection The US Federal Trade Commission publishes various articles to educate the public on how to avoid scams or rip offs in different types of purchases and how to optimally exercise their rights.(Federal Trade Com.2009)Various jurisdictions have government consumer protection departments and organizations such as the Better Business Bureau and trade associations for the product involved can investigate on behalf of the consumer and assist in resolving legitimate complaints without litigation. Conclusion Aside from contractual obligations, tort law imposes requirements on the design, manufacturer and distributor of products. It is up to consumers to educate themselves on their rights if they feel they have been victims of tort infractions and to seek appropriate assistance when necessary. References1) Talbot, Jonathon Tyler†Cyber Crimes†Penn State April 19, 2010 retrieved from https://webspaces.psu.edu (1ST432_SP10_TEAM4_CyberCrimesand Torts.2) â€Å"Products Liability Law†Legal Information Institute Cornell University Law School Aug. 19. 2011 retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu.3) â€Å"Strict Liability†Legal Information Institute Cornell University Law School Aug. 19. 2011 et al.4) â€Å"Tort Law an Overview†Legal Information Institute Cornell University Law School Aug. 19, 2011 et al.5) â€Å"Protecting America’s Consumers Federal Trade Commission Feb. 18, 2009†retrieved from www.ftc.gov/bcp/consumers.htm.
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Tragedy of Pu Fei Yen free essay sample
Tragedy of Pu Fei-yen Name Course anme Professor name 30/11/2012 Tragedy of Pu Fei-yen The ancient Chinese love story The tragedy of Pu Fei-Yan, which is an ancient Chinese story, depicts the love between two people, Fei-yen and Hsiang. It follows their attraction, betrayal, romance and ultimate death. In this paper I will focus on the female paragon defined by Confucian code of womanly virtues and the use of words for subliminal seduction. I will also focus on the feudal structure of the story. First of all we will look at Confucianism. Confucianism is humanism, a viewpoint or mind-set that is involved with humans, their success and passions, rather than with the summary people and issues of theology. In Confucianism man is the middle of the universe: man cannot stay alone, but with other humans. For humans, the greatest objective is personal pleasure. The necessary situation to accomplish pleasure is through serenity. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragedy of Pu Fei Yen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To acquire serenity, Confucius found man made up of the five connections which are depending on really like and responsibilities. War has to be abolished; and the Great Oneness around the globe should be designed. In Han (220BCE-221CE) China, Confucianism was implemented as the official philosophy. Focusing balance achieved through controlled romantic relationships and ethical responsibilities. Confucianism prescribed a firm social structure with clearly defined tasks. Females were mostly limited to the sector of close relatives’ members. They were brought up to show difference to out-dated parents, constancy to spouses and commitment to kids. Females worked out authority and power only when they presumed the part of mothers and had produced kids. Trained in the domestic arts, women were also frustrated from public and government matters. At court women were limited to the inner legal courts as opposed to the outer legal courts where matters of the state were performed. Confucian offered medications for the way a woman ought to comport herself, emphasizing her proper behaviour in regards to her husband and her part in close relatives members. Although women were recognized as being virtuous for their sagacity, intelligence and statecraft, it was within the inner legal courts or the inner sector of close relative’s members that ladies operated as active agents and worked out their benefits. Given that information, we can depict that Fei-yen was in violation of the Confucian code. She was completely disrespectful to her husband. In the Confucian code, the wife had to respect the marriage institution and shun away from fidelity, however Fei-yen insulted this institution by having extra marital affairs with her neighbour Hsiang. Hsiang was a neighbour who Fei-yen described as handsome and talented and was rich enough to pay the doorkeeper to deliver notes to Fei-yen. We are informed that he happened to spy on Fei-yen from a crack of their wall. Fei-yen was described as delicate and fine and as soon as Hsiang saw her he grew despondent. Hsiang then started using poems to make his feelings known. He uses sweet, loving kind word to manipulate Fei-yen to think of him. Poetry as an art type predates knowledge. Some of the first poetry is considered to have been by mouth recited or sang. Following the growth of writing, poetry has since designed into progressively arranged types, though much poetry since the delayed Twentieth millennium has shifted away from conventional types towards the more vaguely described free line and writing poetry types. Poetry was applied as a way of keeping in mind dental record, tale (epic poetry), ancestry, and law. Poetry is often carefully related to musical technology customs, and much of it can be linked to spiritual motions. Many of the poems remaining from the historical world are a way of documented social information about the people of the past, and their poems are wishes or experiences about spiritual topic, backgrounds about their state policies and conflicts, and the important planning misconceptions of their cultures. It is noted that Fei-yen has knowledge of poems and as much as Hsiang poems would be difficult to understand for some people, Fei-yen decodes the poems and her heart is filled with love. It seems that the author focuses on the poems rather than the passion in order to capture their feeling of love. Such intimate words exchanged between two oppositely sexed individuals would end to warm their hearts rather than their loins. As their hearts get warmer for other even sickness does not stop Fei-yen from communicating with Hsiang. it would derail her but not stop her. Their hearts grow warmer for each other so much that she invites Hsiang over to her husband’s house in order to copulate their love. They waste no time and start on their infidel act on Fei-yen’s husband’s bed. That is perhaps the ultimate act of betrayal. In one of her poems, Fei-yen informs Hsiang that she was tricked to her current marriage. She shows that the marriage is an unfortunate scenario for her. This further shows that when Hsiang uses the poems and uses them over a long period of time on Fei-yen, she grows fond of Hsiang and considers their doing their infidel act inevitable and she loves it. She views nothing negative of it. Another issue I would like to discuss is feudal structure. During the interval of record known as the Centre Age groups, feudalism was the rule of the area. It was the base by which the higher aristocracy category managed management over the reduced sessions. This firm framework of government contains management, lords, and the labourers. Additional essential members to this framework were the management of the cathedral and other nearby management who organised impact in Australia. The framework first came about, and stayed for such a lengthy time, because of the excellent dimension the area the management had under their management. The management organised this area by what they considered was divine right, the right to concept provided by God and then accepted on through genetics. However, there was no actual way for a master to regulate all the area successfully because there was no fast interaction program, and it frequently took several periods to journey from one aspect of the nation to the other, even in a moderately little nation such as Britain. The master required a way to sustain management over his areas, even if ultimately. As a remedy, he established a kind of agreement with his barons, his immediate minions. The tycoons or barons were given a huge aspect of the kings area, known as manors or fiefs. In convert, they had to pay homage and fealty to the master. They did this by providing their assistance to the master at all periods, regulating the area that was assigned to them, and being prepared to offer soldiers and battle for the master when the need came to exist. Often the last need was waived in come back for shield money. This shield money was often used to sustain a somewhat frequent military. They also had to pay taxation whenever the master known as for them. Also, whenever a baron passed away, his fief was accepted on by genetics. The recipient of a fief had to pay a monetary gift tax. Furthermore, If the fief accepted through genetics to a minimal or women, the baron could delay until the minimal came of age, or he could delay until the lady was wedded to someone he accepted of. Whenever a baron was provided or got a fief, he was designed into a vassal of the master. Also, the barons became lords of their fiefs. However, the barons had the same issue the master had. Because they controlled huge areas of area, they separated their area up too. They designed the same kind of agreement the master designed with them, except with their underlings, usually a reliable soldier or comparative. In this way, they designed even more fiefs decided by even more lords. Sometimes these little fiefs were separated up and designed into more fiefs. Eventually, the holdings of these lords were accepted from creation to creation. The kind of lords had a higher aristocracy category. They sensed that they were much excellent to the common peasants, or serfs. Consequently, the lords usually were cruel to their peasants and required much from them. The cathedral management often also organised an excellent energy over the individuals, much like the lords of the way. Many cathedral management were effective in state policies and govt. For example, the Archbishop of Canterbury was also Chancellor of Britain in 1381. Actually the cathedral was really the only worldwide Western regulating energy. It was separated into areas of impact, much like fiefs. Each fief was a diocese advancing by a bishop. Moreover to religious fiefs, many bishops were given actual manors to regulate. In this way, the cathedral was strongly established in the religious and realistic lifestyle of the ancient peasant. The cathedral had an excellent impact over many of the typical persons. The peasants considered that better they proved helpful, the more of their cash they provided to the cathedral and the more they provided the cathedral, the better the after-life would be for them. The cathedral also compensated the master to use the area, and this kind of symbiosis between the cathedral and the master keep them both with an remarkable sum of cash, while the peasant sometimes deprived to loss of lifestyle from overwork and exploitation. The feudal community was designed for one reason: protection. The nobles desired the protection of keeping management over their far-reaching kingdoms, so they were compelled to use outsourcing for energy to regional management. The peasants desired protection from marauders and barbarians from nearby areas. They also desired protection from infiltrating military. And thus the growth of the feudal program and the fief framework was almost unavoidable. However, all this came at the excellent cost of the typical man. He provided up many liberties for his protection. At the end of the story the author introduces two more characters. They are scholars Li and Trsui. A scholar is defined as a learned or well-educated and cultured person, especially one with insightful knowledge of a particular subject. Scholarship is mentioned by its importance to its particular career, is innovative, can be recorded, can be duplicated or elaborated, and can be and is peer-reviewed through various methods. In traditional China providers group, the Fengjian community structure of circa 1046-256 BCE offered improve to Confucian or Legalist scholars’ kind of the China providers into four extensive categories. From highest possible to tiniest community strata, the categories were: the shi, or gentry scholars; the nong, or peasant farmers; the gong, artisans and craftsmen; and the Shang, providers and traders Shi – Gentry Scholars Defining the shi as gentry college students is not absolutely accurate. The starting shi came from the traditional knight caste, but the make-up of the shi gradually developed until it was mostly designed of aristocratic college students who examined to be able to take up tasks of place, and then further into a bureaucratic scholarly top stage where elegant family associates shrub was de-emphasized. Scholars – even those who owned and operated place – were never very rich, but they were well known because of their information. Admission to information was very limited in the last, and so scholarly actions were very complex. Nong – Peasant Farmers Peasant village entrepreneurs were second only to gentry college students in traditional China providers. Farm entrepreneurs were landholders like gentry college students, and gardening lengthy conducted a key aspect in the improvement of China providers community. Not only did the village entrepreneurs generate the foods to sustain the group, they paid place tax, which was a source of situation earnings for the verdict dynasties. Farm entrepreneurs were therefore useful people even though they were not shi. However, shi close relatives were still landholders who also designed vegetation and foods themselves. Gong – Artisans and Craftsmen The gongs were those who had capabilities to create useful factors. This was the classification identified by the China provider character that seems to be for â€Å"labour. †They were like village entrepreneurs in that they designed significant factors, but most of them did not have place of their own and so did not generate the earnings. However, they directed more regard than providers because the capabilities they had were approved down from dad to son. Artisans could be government used or self-employed, and those that were most efficient could become rich enough to use apprentices or labourers that they could manage. Besides creating their own companies, the artisans also recognized their own guilds. Shang – Suppliers and Traders There was not a lot of regard for providers and investors in traditional China providers group. Though they could achieve essential success, they were organized in low regard because they did not generate anything, but rather moved and traded items designed by others. Sometimes providers bought place to be able to be considered village entrepreneurs and therefore management more regard in group. Some would buy information for their infants so that they could acquire the place of college students. Though investors, providers, and peddlers were considered as essential people, they were tiniest on the four actions of the actions of traditional China provider community structure, due to well-known knowing of these people as self-centred and incorrect. The four main classes of traditional China providers group were extensive categories that were more principles than fact, particularly as China providers approached the era of the Songs and Ming dynasties, and commercialization of group enhanced. By enough time of the late Ming Kingdom, the kind of rich providers had along with the landholding gentry. Though the so-called â€Å"four occupations†did consist of different levels of legal advantage in traditional China providers group, they were more a rhetorical develop, and did not have much of an effect on government strategy. It is therefore evident that scholars were extremely respected people in the Chinese society. Therefore the author introduced the two scholars to compare them with Fei-yen as he states, â€Å"just as scholars who boast of their own talents are lacking in virtue, those women who flaunt their beauty have illicit affair†. I believe he means that scholars are not as talented as they pass themselves off to be. The writer wanted to express how a woman would execute her desire to attain more control and importance with the urge to fight for freedom and experience pure love but in so doing go against the Confucian code but with no regrets at the end when she is whipped but still stands by her choice.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Evaluating the Usefulness of Evidence Psychology of Sport and Exercis
Question: Discuss about theEvaluating the Usefulness of Evidencefor Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Answer: Introduction In this paper, two articles will be appraised, and then the paper with the strongest evidence against the scenario of Mariana will be identified. The first article is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) paper written by Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) is published in Journal of Psychology of Sport and Exercise. This article seeks to determine how aerobic exercise intervention (AET) can be used to reduce emotional reactivity in real-life stress situation among students (Malling, 2013). The second article is by Kim, Yang Schroeppel (2013) which was published in Stress Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. After an appraisal of the two articles, the paper identifies one of the articles that presents the strongest evidence to help Mariana reduce her real-life stress and boosts her moods given her situations. Briefly, the paper provides an insightful reflection on Marianas scenario to help understand how the chosen article is the most suitable in helping the situation. Appraisal Paper 1 The first appraisal article is an RCT paper written by Von Haaren and the colleagues (2015) and is about determining how aerobic exercise training can be used to reduce emotional stress reactivity in real-life stressful moments such as academic examination periods among students (Von Haaren et al., 2015). This article is published in the Journal of Psychology of Sport and Exercise in the year 2015. This study adopted the use of randomized controlled trial, within-subject design. The design used Ambulatory Assessment which is a method that encompasses other methods such as momentary self-reports observational and physiological methods which aim at studying people in their natural environments without any external interference (Zimmerman, 2014). This study by Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) aimed at examining whether a preventive 20 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention can be used to improve emotional stress reactivity in the real life stress situations. In the study, sixty-one inactive students were subjected to a waiting control and an AET group, and they reported their mood and perceived stress for over two days during their daily routines pre-and post-intervention (Fordham, Griffiths Bundy, 2013). Two assessment periods were picked, namely at the beginning of the semester when students reported low-stress levels and stressful real-life moments, i.e., during examination period when students reported high-stress levels perhaps owing to examinations preparation (Von Haaren et al., 2015). The findings of the study showed that those students who participated in the AET group recorded lower emotional stress reactivity in comparison to controlled participants after the training period of 20 weeks. In conclusion, the authors asserted that AET has considerable health benefits on emotional reactivity on students during real-life stressful situations. During the study, the authors took notice of the ethical implications of the study and thus only interested students were signed up for the study. The willing students were informed about the study and those who wanted to participate provided a written informed consent (Von Haaren et al., 2015). Given the assumptions underlying the study, the authors have successfully demonstrated that aerobic exercise intervention (AET) can be used to improve emotional stress reactivity in real- life stressful moments. However, the sample size chosen was not too large and thus may have failed to support the claim (Guang Bierma, 2011). Nonetheless, considering the size of the target population namely school students in their real-life academic examination stressful moments, the representativeness of the sample might not have affected the outcomes (Ansley, Houchins Varjas, 2016). In agreement with NHMRC level of evidence, the study by Von Haaren and colleagues is at level II. According to Burns, Rohrich, and Chung (2011) at level II, evidential information is gathered from a minimum of one accurately and premeditated randomized controlled trial. The study is closely applicable to the scenario of Mariana who is a first-year health sciences student. It applies to the extent that as a student and a mother to her daughter, Mariana is vulnerable to volumes of real-life stresses since she must be a mother to her daughter, a student who must write her examination. She must also single-handedly care for her ailing daughter beside her health given the limited family support her has. As such the study can be useful for her to reduce her stress and improve her mood especially for her daughter and her academia. Appraisal Paper 2 This second article as written by Kim, Yang, and Schroeppel (2013) is a pilot study that sought to determine the effects that Kouk Sun Do has on University Students especially those manifesting anxiety symptoms. The study used mixed research methods where both the quantitative and qualitative research methods were adopted (Kim, Yang Schroeppel, 2013). The abstract illustrates how the effects of Kouk Sun Do (KSD) was conducted among a sample of university students with anxiety symptoms using 30 participants out of which 18 completed the pre-test. The study used a total of Ten 70-min KSD exercise sessions three times a week for four weeks (Frances, 2014). The data was analyzed using A two (group) by two (time) repeated-measure analysis of variance which revealed that both the trait anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased while the self-efficacy increased over the period. The results of qualitative data indicated that self-induced relaxation of KSD can result in reduced anxiety (Kim, Yang Schroeppel, 2013). The primary purpose of the pilot study was to examine the effects of KSD on mental health among university students with traits of anxiety symptoms. Prior to the study, the participants completed a consent form which illustrated the purpose of the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. In the effort to determine the effects of KSD exercise, the study used State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to collect data on anxiety traits. Besides, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used to collect data on the severity of depressive symptoms while self-efficacy (GSE) scale was used for general self-efficacy. The authors used structured questionnaires with open-ended questions to collect qualitative data to examine the experience of the participants during the KSD exercise period (Kim, Yang Schroeppel, 2013). Some of the study limitations included small sample which resulted in inadequate statistical power to determine significant variations in anxiety betw een groups, high attrition rate as 12 of the participants withdrew from the exercise. The study was also limited to university students with self-reported anxiety symptoms thereby giving limiting results (De Vries et al., 2016). The pilot study revealed that KSD exercise is an appropriate alternative method of enhancing mental health, especially to university students. The major strengths of the article is that it provided illustrations on how an individual suffering from stress and extreme anxiety disorder can develop a self-healing exercise by using the mind, body, and breath (Jung et al., 2016). However, the article is mainly limited to the individuals with anxiety symptoms, and it provides limited emphasis on excessive stressful conditions. Considering Marianas state of health and her excessive stressful circumstances, the article will provide a limited solution to reduce her stress and boost her moods. This is because the KSD method proposed in the article is not very effective in providing a solution to prolonged real life stress as it majorly acts as an alternative method for enhancing mental health. Using this method in Marianas conditions will therefore only boost her moods to a limited extent but w ill not be very effective in reducing her stress level (Park, 2015). Justification of Strongest Evidence Related in Scenario In view of the presented two pieces of evidence, the article by Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) provides considerably stronger evidence against Marianas scenario. According to the authors, the article elaborately examined how preventive 20-week aerobic exercise intervention (AET) may be used to improve emotional stress reactivity in real-life stress. As such, in effect, the authors asserted that AET provides promising benefits against negative health effects that are associated with accumulated emotional stress reactivity and this is emphasized by Bodenlos et al. (2015). In the effort to determine why this article presents the strongest evidence against Marianas case scenario, a critical review of Marianas scenario is of great importance. Mariana is a first-year health sciences student and a patient of diabetes and rare blood disorder. She is a mother to an 18-month-old daughter who is also suffering from severe asthma and has limited family support (Ansley, Houchins, Varjas, 2016). As a medical student, Mariana faces the massive stress associated with academic requirements which demand considerable efforts to excel so that later she could be a licensed health care practitioner (Roy Braider, 2016). Equally important is her 18-month daughter who at that particular age demands constant motherly care, love, and attention, especially in her asthmatic condition. To crown it all, Mariana receives little support from the family, and this means that she must rely on her efforts for herself and more so for her daughter. Given the situation that Mariana is in, she is vulnerable to massive volumes of stress and anxiety disorder (Kim et al., 2013). She must establish how to care for her young daughter who is also sickly besides caring for her diabetic nature without compromising her academic life as well as her future career. To this end, the article by Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) provides considerable evidence that supports the hypothesis that accumulated effects of enhanced emotional reactivity as evidenced in Marianas case scenario increases the risk for the physical and mental disorder. In light of this paper article, Mariana is seen as suffering from accumulated stresses emanating from different aspects of her life. From their study findings, Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) concluded that exercise promises beneficial prevention measures most appropriate for reducing accumulated enhanced emotional reactivity to considerable stresses in real-life situations like Marianas (Von Haaren et al., 2015). According to the authors, although clinical psychology provides treatment for the effects of the stressor, they are strictly used for already existing stressors and therefore, for effective prevention, exercises prove to be the best strategy to influence the effects of stressors before they occur. In view of Marianas scenario, the article by Von Haaren and colleagues (2015) provide sufficient and strongest evidence of how Mariana can reduce her stress as well as improve her mood in the long run. Regular exercises will help her reduce stress reactivity as well as increase s elf-control which is essential for her to manage her tasks without compromising her role of being a good and loving mother to her young daughter (Smith, 2014; Malling, 2013). The article asserts that exercises are suitable preventive measures against the effects of accumulated enhanced stressors. Conclusion This paper has successfully presented an appraisal of two articles, namely an article by Von Haaren and colleagues published in Journal of Psychology of Sport and Exercise and an article by Kim, Yang Schroeppel published in Stress Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. The article by Von Haaren and colleagues sought to establish whether aerobic exercise interventions can be used to improve emotional stress reactivity during real-life stress. The authors concluded that AET promises beneficial effects on emotional stress reactivity during real-life stressful situations, especially among the students. The article by Kim, Yang Schroeppel sought to examine the effects of Kouk Sun Do (KSD) on mental health among university students with traits of anxiety symptoms. The authors concluded that KSD as a new way of mind and body exercise might be beneficial in minimizing the level of anxiety symptoms through its approach to self-induced relaxation. Argu ably, the article by Von Haaren and colleagues has been argued to have the strongest evidence to help Mariana to reduce her stress as well as improve her mood. References Ansley, B. b., Houchins, D., Varjas, K. (2016). Optimizing Special Educator Wellness and Job Performance through Stress Management. Teaching Exceptional Children, 48(4), 176-185. Ansley, B. b., Houchins, D., Varjas, K. (2016). Optimizing Special Educator Wellness and Job Performance through Stress Management. Teaching Exceptional Children, 48(4), 176-185. Bodenlos, J. S., Wells, S. Y., Noonan, M., Mayrsohn, A. (2015). Facets of Dispositional Mindfulness and Health among College Students. Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine, 21(10), 645-652. doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0302 Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., Chung, K. C. (2011). The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 128(1), 305. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124652/ De Vries, J. D., van Hooff, M. M., Geurts, S. E., Kompier, M. J. (2016). Exercise as an Intervention to Reduce Study-Related Fatigue among University Students: A Two-Arm Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. Plos ONE, 11(3), 1-21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152137 Fordham, B., Griffiths, C. E., Bundy, C. (2013). Can stress reduction interventions improve psoriasis? A review. Psychology, Health Medicine, 18(5), 501-514. Frances, A. (2014). Finding a Middle Ground between Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times, 31(10), 1-3. Guang, J., Bierma, T. J. (2011). Guided-Inquiry Learning in Environmental Health. Journal of Environmental Health, 73(6), 80-85. Jung, Y., Ha, T. M., Oh, C. Y., Lee, U. S., Jang, J. H., Kim, J., Kang, D. (2016). The Effects of an Online Mind-Body Training Program on Stress, Coping Strategies, Emotional Intelligence, Resilience and Psychological State. Plos ONE, 11(8), 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159841 Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Kouk Sun Do on University Students with Anxiety Symptoms. Stress Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(2), 99-107. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2431 Malling, S. H. (2013). Choreography and Performance with Deaf Adults who have Mental Illness: Culturally Affirmative Participatory Research. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 35(2), 118-141. doi:10.1007/s10465-013-9157-y Park, J. H. (2015). Health Care Design: Current and Potential Research and Development. Design Issues, 31(1), 63-72. Roy, N., Braider, L. (2016). College Students and Mental Illness: Strategies for Optimal Results. Psychiatric Times, 33(5), 1-4. Smith, S. A. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: An Intervention to Enhance the Effectiveness of Nurses' Coping With Work-Related Stress. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 25(2), 119-130. doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12025 Von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using Ambulatory Assessment. Psychology of Sport Exercise, 20, 67-75. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469029215000357 Zimmerman, M. (2014). The Importance of Measuring Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Psychiatric Times, 31(10), 1-2
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